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Situation and measures of China’s CO

Jiankun HE

《能源前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第3期页码 353-361 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0564-0

摘要：

Global response to climate change has entered the phase of full implementation of the Paris Agreement. To control the global temperature rise below 2°C, all countries must make more efforts to reduce emission. China has combined its goal of emission reduction for combating climate change with its domestic sustainable development strategy to promote energy revolution and the transition of economic development to low-carbon patterns. Through reinforcing the commitment and action before 2020, the CO₂ intensity of GDP can decrease by more than 50% by 2020 compared with that of 2005, and the external commitment target of a 40%–45% decrease can be over fulfilled. Currently, under the new economic normal, China further strengthens the policy measure, vigorously saves energy, enhances energy use efficiency and the economic output benefit, and simultaneously develops new and renewable energy and accelerates energy structural decarbonization, so that the annual decrease rate of the CO₂ intensity of GDP keeps a high level of more than 4% and remains increasing. Thus, the decrease rate of the CO₂ intensity of GDP will exceed the GDP growth rate, and then CO₂ emission will peak around 2030. This will promote the fundamental turning of economic development mode, and lay a foundation for the establishment of a sustainable energy system with near-zero emissions and with new and renewable energy as the main body in the second half of this century. China implements the concept of green low-carbon development and accelerates the low carbon transition of energy and economy to achieve win-win results in economic growth and CO₂ emission mitigation, and these policies and actions will also provide experiences for many other developing countries. On the other hand, China will continue to play a positive and constructive leading role in the implementation of the Paris Agreement internationally, and promote the construction of new mechanisms of win-win cooperation, fairness and justice and common development for global climate governance. Moreover, China will make an effort to build a community of common destiny for mankind, promote pragmatic cooperation among countries, especially among developing countries, and take combating climate change as a new development opportunity for jointly moving toward climate-friendly low-carbon economic development path.

关键词： climate change the Paris Agreement energy revolution NDC (national determined contribution) goals

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China’s pre-2020 CO

Hailin WANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第3期页码 571-578 doi: 10.1007/s11708-019-0640-0

摘要： China achieved the reduction of CO intensity of GDP by 45% compared with 2005 at the end of 2017, realizing the commitment at 2009 Copenhagen Conference on emissions reduction 3 years ahead of time. In future implementation of the “13th Five-Year Plan (FYP),” with the decline of economic growth rate, decrease of energy consumption elasticity and optimization of energy structure, the CO intensity of GDP will still have the potential for decreasing before 2020. By applying KAYA Formula decomposition, this paper makes the historical statistics of the GDP energy intensity decrease and CO intensity of energy consumption since 2005, and simulates the decrease of CO intensity of GDP in 2020 and its influences on achieving National Determined Contribution (NDC) target in 2030 with scenario analysis. The results show that China’s CO intensity of GDP in 2020 is expected to fall by 52.9%–54.4% than the 2005 level, and will be 22.9%–25.4% lower than 2015. Therefore, it is likely to overfulfill the decrease of CO intensity of GDP by 18% proposed in the 13th FYP period. Furthermore, the emission reduction potentiality before 2020 will be conducive to the earlier realization of NDC objectives in 2030. China’s CO intensity of GDP in 2030 will fall by over 70% than that in 2005, and CO emissions peak will appear before 2030 as early as possible. To accelerate the transition to a low-carbon economy, China needs to make better use of the carbon market, and guide the whole society with carbon price to reduce emissions effectively. At the same time, China should also study the synergy of policy package so as to achieve the target of emission reduction.

关键词： China’s National Determined Contribution emission reduction potential scenario analysis CO₂ emissions peak

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Achievements of the national malaria control and elimination program in the People’s Republic of China

《医学前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第1期页码 85-92 doi: 10.1007/s11684-021-0917-7

摘要： In 2017, China achieved the target of zero indigenous malaria case for the first time, and has been certified as malaria free by World Health Organization in 2021. To further summarize the historical achievements and technical experiences of the elimination program, a project on the Roadmap Analysis and Verification for Malaria Elimination in China was carried out. Results of the project were compiled and published as the Atlas of Malaria Transmission in China (The Atlas). The Atlas using modern digital information technologies, has been supported by various data from 24 malaria endemic provinces of China since 1950, to assess the changes in malaria epidemic patterns from 1950 to 2019 at national and provincial levels. The Atlas is designed as two volumes, including a total of 1850 thematic maps and more than 130 charts, consisting of introductory maps, thematic maps of malaria epidemic and control at national and provincial levels. It objectively and directly shows the epidemic history, evolution process, and great achievements of the national malaria control and elimination program in China. The Atlas has important reference value for summing up historical experience in the national malaria elimination program of China, and malaria control and elimination in other endemic countries in the world.

关键词： malaria transmission control elimination China atlas

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Contribution of national bioassessment approaches for assessing ecological water security: an AUSRIVAS

Susan J. NICHOLS, Fiona J. DYER

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第5期页码 669-687 doi: 10.1007/s11783-013-0556-6

摘要： River managers in Australia are managing in the face of extremes to provide security of water supply for people, production and the environment. Balancing the water requirements of people, environments and economies requires that water security is viewed holistically, not just in terms of the water available for human consumption. Common definitions of water security focus on the needs of both humans and ecosystems for purposes such as drinking, agriculture and industrial use, and to maintain ecological values. Information about achieving water security for the environment or ecological purposes can be a challenge to interpret because the watering requirements of key ecological processes or assets are not well understood, and the links between ecological and human values are often not obvious to water users. Yet the concepts surrounding river health are inherently linked to holistic concepts of water security. The measurement of aquatic biota provides a valuable tool for managers to understand progress toward achieving ecological water security objectives. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the reference condition approach to river health assessment, using the development of the Australian River Assessment System (AUSRIVAS) as a case study. We make the link between the biological assessment of river health and assessment of ecological water security, and suggest that such an approach provides a way of reporting that is relevant to the contribution made by ecosystems to water security. The reference condition approach, which is the condition representative of minimally disturbed sites organized by selected physical, chemical, and biological characteristics, is most important for assessing ecological water security objectives.

关键词： ecological water security biological assessment river health

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Comprehensive analysis on China’s National Climate Change Assessment Reports: Action and emphasis

Bing WANG, Ge HONG, Chao-Qun CUI, Hao YU, Tad MURTY

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2019年第6卷第1期页码 52-61 doi: 10.1007/s42524-019-0002-y

摘要： Climate change assessment is central for low-carbon management practice. This paper investigates China’s National Climate Change Assessment Reports of 2007, 2011, and 2015. These three reports are compared with other climate change assessment reports by data mining. The necessity of national climate change assessment is analyzed with the requirements at home and abroad. The latest progress surrounding climate change impacts, adaptation, and mitigation is outlined with the increasing temperature rise in China and the urgency of climate change commitments. The achievements in climate change assessment indicate the increasing climate change vulnerability on sectors and regions in China and the strategies and priorities for low-carbon actions. Distinct gaps and differences are identified in the coverage of industry, regions, and vulnerability assessment between our assessments and other evaluation reports. These gaps and differences demonstrate the importance and future improvements of China’s national climate change assessment in international climate governance. The outlook for China’s fourth assessment report is proposed.

关键词： climate change assessment low-carbon management impact adaptation mitigation

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Sufficient or insufficient: Assessment of the intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs) ofthe world’s major greenhouse gas emitters

Ge GAO, Mo CHEN, Jiayu WANG, Kexin YANG, Yujiao XIAN, Xunpeng SHI, Ke WANG

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2019年第6卷第1期页码 19-37 doi: 10.1007/s42524-019-0007-6

摘要：

The recent Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change has resulted in the submission of the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) of 190 countries. This study aims to provide an analysis of the ambitiousness and fairness of the mitigation components of the INDCs submitted by various parties. We use a unified framework to assess 23 INDCs that cover 50 countries, including European Union (EU)-28 countries as parties to the Convention, which represent 87.45% of the global greenhouse gas emissions in 2012. First, we transform initial INDC files into reported reduction targets. Second, we create four schemes and six scenarios to determine the required reduction effort, which considers each nation’s reduction responsibility, capacity, and potential, thereby reflecting their historical and current development status. Finally, we combine the reported reduction target and the required reduction effort to assess INDCs. Evaluation results of the 23 emitters indicate that 2 emitters (i.e., EU and Brazil) are rated as “sufficient,” 7 emitters (e.g., China, the United States, and Canada) are rated as “moderate,” and 14 emitters (e.g., India, Russia, and Japan) are rated as “insufficient.” Most pledges exhibit a considerable distance from representing a fair contribution.

关键词： Intended Nationally Determined Contributions mitigation responsibility capacity potential

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Cost-benefit analysis of China’s national air pollution control plan

Jing ZHANG, Hongqiang JIANG, Wei ZHANG, Guoxia MA, Yanchao WANG, Yaling LU, Xi HU, Jia ZHOU, Fei PENG, Jun BI, Jinnan WANG

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2019年第6卷第4期页码 524-537 doi: 10.1007/s42524-019-0074-8

摘要： China’s rapid economic growth has caused severe air pollution and public health problems. Therefore, the Chinese government launched the National Air Pollution Control Plan (hereinafter referred to as the “Air Plan”) in 2013–2017 to improve air quality and safeguard public health. In this study, an analytical framework for a cost-benefit analysis applicable to China was constructed, and the costs and benefits of the implementation of the “Air Plan” in 30 cities and provinces in China from 2013 to 2017 were evaluated. Results show that the total cost of implementation of the “Air Plan” is 1.6511 trillion RMB. The benefits of air quality improvement were determined to be 2.4691 trillion RMB through the willingness-to-pay method to calculate the economic loss of premature deaths. The net benefit related to the implementation of the “Air Plan” was 818 billion RMB. The public health benefit of air quality improvement was 1.5 times the cost of the nationwide implementation of the “Air Plan”. At the provincial level, net benefits that reach 279.3 billion RMB were the highest in Guangdong, whereas the benefit-cost ratio, where the benefit was 5.5 times the cost, was the highest in Fujian. Estimations in this study can serve as a reference for China in formulating similar environmental policies and implementing the “3-year Plan to Defend the Blue Sky”. In addition, these estimations have practical significance for advancing the long-term effective mechanisms of the cost-benefit analysis of China’s environmental policies.

关键词： Air Plan cost-benefit analysis health benefits environmental policy

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加快制定适合我国国情的智能制造技术战略

延建林,董景辰,古依莎娜,杨晓迎

《中国工程科学》 2018年第20卷第4期页码 9-12 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2018.04.002

摘要：

当前，新一轮科技革命和产业变革不断加速，全球制造业进入新的发展阶段。美国、德国、日本等发达国家都制定了本国智能制造技术发展战略。中国智能制造正处于加速发展的关键期，发展不平衡不充分的矛盾非常突出，必须要按照前瞻性、阶段性、实用性、开放性相结合的原则，抓紧制定适合我国国情的智能制造技术发展战略，以指导和推动我国制造业科学地实现智能升级。

关键词：中国国情智能制造技术战略

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中国健康服务业发展战略研究

韩德民,卢九星,李星明,李建

《中国工程科学》 2017年第19卷第2期页码 21-28 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2017.02.004

摘要：

为落实健康中国发展战略，推进中国健康服务业的发展，中国工程院于2015 年启动“中国健康服务业发展战略研究”重大咨询项目。课题自启动以来，组织了28位院士和150余位专家，对京上广深等一至三线共12个城市进行了广泛的社会调查。本文在大量社会调查的基础上，从健康服务业的概念、内涵、发展特点入手，深入分析了国内健康服务业的发展现状；以全方位、全覆盖、全过程建立健康服务保障体系为目标，对健康服务业的定位、发展思路，城乡理想模式等进行了深入探讨；并针对健康管理体系建设、养生养老、医养结合、健康保险、社会办医、金融保障等重点问题，提出了为顺应中国健康服务业发展战略顺畅实施的保障措施和相关建议。

关键词：健康服务业全民健康发展战略

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迈向生态文明建设——基于第二次全国污染物普查结果的经验启示 Perspective

谢明辉, 段华波, 康鹏, 乔琦, 白璐

《工程（英文）》 2021年第7卷第9期页码 1336-1341 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.11.003

摘要：

如何平衡经济发展与环境保护之间的关系并实现可持续，一直以来是全球备受关注的热门话题，也是突出难题。近年来，我国把生态文明建设摆在全局工作的突出位置，持续推动高质量和绿色低碳发展，特别是自改革开放以来由快速工业化和城镇化带来的环境污染问题开始得以遏制并显著好转。2020年6月10日，我国公布了《第二次全国污染源普查》调查报告，其为生态文明建设成效提供了强有力的定量化评价依据。通过对比第一次和第二次全国污染源普查结果，可知在维持经济总量稳定增长的同时，各类污染物的排放总量正在持续下降且趋势明显。显然，我国新时代绿色发展和生态文明建设策略成效显著，可为其他国家和地区可持续发展道路提供参考。

关键词：生态文明第二次全国污染源普查绿色发展可持续发展

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中国铁路“走出去”投融资模式研究

何华武,洪雁,马健,莫雁苹,吴卫平,肖楠

《中国工程科学》 2017年第19卷第5期页码 27-32 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2017.05.005

摘要：

本文分析了中国铁路“走出去”投融资现状及存在的问题，日本海外铁路项目投融资模式，中国铁路“走出去”不同类别项目和不同类型市场的投融资模式，提出在发展中国家建设具有明显地缘政治特性，带有“一带一路”、互联互通背景，涉及国家安全等战略目标的铁路项目，国家要给予政策及资金支持。为降低融资成本，需要国家给予金融机构政策支持。提出了加强企业间联合协作、设立铁路国际合作战略委员会、中国铁路“走出去”国家战略型项目应前期认定等政策建议。

关键词：中国铁路“走出去” 投融资融资成本国家战略型项目投融资模式

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Evaluation of the influence of El Niño–Southern Oscillation on air quality in southern China from long-term

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第2期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-021-1460-0

摘要：

•Strong ENSO influence on AOD is found in southern China region.

关键词： El Niño–Southern Oscillation Aerosol concentration Aerosol particle size Contribution separation Decadal trend Southern China

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The Fast Road of Shale Gas Development in China —Reflections on Building a Special Test Areas for National

Da-wei Zhang

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2015年第2卷第4期页码 364-372 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2015062

摘要： China’s shale gas development has had a good start. It is necessary that the developers take advantage of the opportunity to make further efforts to promote shale gas development in China, in particular by rolling out a comprehensive plan on a national level. The author makes a proposal to establish a special shale gas test area in and adjacent to the Sichuan Basin as the most important way to promote the rapid development of shale gas in China. For this purpose, the author analyzes the current situation and problems of shale gas development in China, addresses the necessity and feasibility of establishing a special test area for shale gas development, and draws up the scope of this shale gas special test area of about 450 thousand square kilometers, covering Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, and part of Yunnan, Hunan, Hubei provinces, and proposes the establishment of a shale gas test area in China. This consists of an overall plan, targets, and contents in 10 aspects, along with organization and implementation modes. The shale gas exploration and development in the shale gas zones is promoted vigorously by introducing special policies and innovating exploration, development and utilization model. While at the same time, the shale gas zones of continental facies in the Ordos Basin and marine-terrigenous facies in South Hubei Basin will be established. The experiences of the reform in the shale gas zones will be the good practice for the reform of petroleum organization system.

关键词： China shale gas exploration and development reform special shale gas test area (shale gas zone)

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我国基础与临床医学创新体系建设研究

付磊,尹岭,朱曼璐,马劼,高润霖

《中国工程科学》 2017年第19卷第2期页码 72-78 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2017.02.012

摘要：

本文是中国工程院“我国全民健康与医药卫生事业发展战略研究”重大咨询项目子课题“我国基础与临床医学研究创新体系”的系统总结。研究围绕全民健康与医药卫生事业国家发展战略需求，深入分析了世界主要国家医学研究管理及体系建设情况，探讨了制约我国医学科技创新发展的瓶颈问题，提出了加强医学研究顶层设计、重构医学研究体系、加大经费投入、完善评价制度、整合共享医学科技资源、加速推动成果转化的对策建议。

关键词：全民健康医学研究创新体系

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The biopharmaceutical industry in China: history and future perspectives

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《医学前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第2期页码 101-111 doi: 10.1007/s11684-012-0191-9

摘要：

Biopharmaceuticals reflect the rapid progress achieved in modern biomedical research. This area has also become one of the main criteria for assessing the development level of biotechnology for a particular country. Although it has been only three decades since the first biopharmaceutical, recombinant human insulin, was licensed by the US Food and Drug Administration, the biopharmaceutical industry has become the fastest growing, most dynamic and technology-intensive sector in the biomedical field. Since the licensing of recombinant human interferon α1b in 1989, the biopharmaceutical industry in China has gone through initial developments and gradually entered a period of rapid growth. This paper provides an overview of the status and development trends of biopharmaceuticals in China, and compares them with those observed in developed countries.

关键词： biopharmaceuticals antibodies market trends diseases China national regulatory agency